Tuesday, 23 June 2015

Units 6-10 Grammar Notes

UNIT 6
Simple present (common verbs)
주어 + 원형동사 (+s)
주어 + do/does + not + 원형동사
?  WH (형용사 / 명사 / 부사) + do/does (not) + 주어 + 원형동사...?
Functions: 
Habits e.g. I play golf every weekend.
Stative verbs e.g. I like pizza.
Facts e.g. The moon orbits Earth.
Schedules e.g. The trains leaves at 9:45AM.
Story-telling e.g. Bob talks to Marie about her exercise routines.

With time expressions:
주어 + 동사 (+ 목적어) + every day / every weekend / once a week / once in a while
You can also use these time expression at the beginning of a sentence, but this is less common.

주어 + 부사 (always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never) + 동사 (+ 목적어)
'Sometimes' can be used at the beginning or end of a sentence.

Modals (e.g. can)
주어 + modal + 원형동사
주어 + modal + not + 원형동사
?  WH (형용사 / 명사 / 부사) + modal (not) + 주어 + 원형동사...?

Infinitives (e.g. have to)
주어 + 원형동사 (+s) + to + 원형동사
주어 + do/does + not + 원형동사 + to + 원형동사
?  WH (형용사 / 명사 / 부사) + do/does (not) + 주어 + 원형동사 + to + 원형동사 ...?

Have to can mean to have no choice.
Don't have to can mean to have a choice.
For example, Korean men have to go to the Army. Korean women don't have to go to the Army, but they can.

UNIT 7
Simple past (common verbs)
주어 + 과거동사(+s)
주어 + did + not + 원형동사
?  WH (형용사 / 명사 / 부사) + did (not) + 주어 + 원형동사...?

Functions: 
Completed actions at a specific time in the past e.g. I went to Hong Kong last year.

Simple past (be verb)
주어 + was/were
주어 + was/were + not + 원형동사
?  WH (형용사 / 명사 / 부사) + was/were (not) + 주어...?

Functions: 
Describes states at a specific time in the past e.g. It was cold yesterday. Shakespeare was from Stratford-upon-Avon.

UNIT 8
Comparatives and superlatives
Syllables
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
1
small
smaller
(the) smallest
2 (end -y)
busy
busier
(the) busiet
2
formal
more/less formal
(the) most/least formal
>2
beautiful
more/less beautiful
(the) most/least beautiful

  
Notes:
1. Some adjectives with three syllables ending in -y can take the comparative/superlative form -ier/-iest, e.g. unhealthy-unhealthier-(the) unhealthiest.
2. Some adjectives with two syllables can also take the comparative/superlative form -er/-est, e.g. stupider OR more stupid. However, most adjectives with two syllables take the form more/less + adjective.

Object pronouns
The object pronouns are highlighted:
I-you, you-you, we-us, he-him, she-her, they-them, it-it
In a sentence, the indirect object is usually listed after the direct object.
Example:
I have the jeans to him.

UNIT 9
Modals (e.g. can)
주어 + modal + 원형동사
주어 + modal + not + 원형동사
?  WH (형용사 / 명사 / 부사) + modal (not) + 주어 + 원형동사...?

Functions: 
Should can be used to give advice. e.g. You should take a taxi to Gangnam. It's the fastest way.
Could can be used to give alternatives. e.g. We could have noodles or a sandwich for lunch.

be going to
주어 + be going to + 원형동사
주어 + be going to + not + 원형동사
?  WH (형용사 / 명사 / 부사) + be(not) + 주어 + going to + 원형동사 ...?

Functions: 
Be going is used to describe future plans e.g. I am going to go to Jeju Island this summer vacation.

UNIT 10
Comparatives and superlatives
Syllables
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
1
small
smaller
(the) smallest
2 (end -y)
busy
busier
(the) busiet
2
formal
more/less formal
(the) most/least formal
>2
beautiful
more/less beautiful
(the) most/least beautiful

Notes:
1. Some adjectives with three syllables ending in -y can take the comparative/superlative form -ier/-iest, e.g. unhealthy-unhealthier-(the) unhealthiest.
2. Some adjectives with two syllables can also take the comparative/superlative form -er/-est, e.g. stupider OR more stupid. However, most adjectives with two syllables take the form more/less + adjective. 

Too and enough
Too and enough are used with adjectives to show what is satisfactory or unsatisfactory.
Unsatisfactory:
too + adj e.g. This bag is too heavy.
not adj + enough e.g. This bag is not light enough.
Satisfactory:
not too + adj e.g. This bag is not too heavy.
adj + enough e.g. This bag is light enough.

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